Counterfeit Coin Detection – 1878-S and -CC Trade Dollars

The 1878-S and 1878-CC Trade Dollars are among the most intriguing coins in American numismatic history. Originally minted for trade in the Far East, these coins hold significant historical value and are highly sought after by collectors. However, their rarity and high value also make them frequent targets for counterfeiters. This article explores the history of the 1878-S and -CC Trade Dollars, common counterfeit techniques, and methods to detect fake coins.

Historical Background of the 1878-S and -CC Trade Dollars

Trade Dollars were first issued in 1873 to facilitate commerce between the United States and Asian markets, particularly China. These silver coins, containing slightly more silver than the standard Morgan Dollar, were intended to compete with other large silver coins, like the Mexican peso. However, their circulation in the U.S. became problematic when the value of silver dropped, leading to the widespread melting and exporting of Trade Dollars.

Common Counterfeiting Methods for Trade Dollars

Counterfeiters use several techniques to replicate or alter Trade Dollars, particularly the 1878-S and 1878-CC varieties:

1. Casting Counterfeits:
   Counterfeiters create molds from genuine coins and use them to cast fake Trade Dollars. These fakes often have soft details, visible casting seams, and imperfections like bubbles or pitting.
2. Die Struck Counterfeits:
   More sophisticated counterfeiters use fake dies to strike counterfeit coins. While these coins may appear convincing, they often have inconsistencies in design details, font styles, or surface texture.
3. Added Mintmarks:
   One common technique involves adding fake S or CC mintmarks to Trade Dollars struck at the Philadelphia Mint (which had no mintmark). These added mintmarks may look uneven, poorly aligned, or too large compared to genuine mintmarks.
4. Wrong Metal Composition:
   Some counterfeit Trade Dollars are made with base metals or a silver alloy that doesn’t match the 90% silver, 10% copper composition of genuine coins. This discrepancy can affect the weight and density of the coin.

How to Detect Counterfeit 1878-S and -CC Trade Dollars

Identifying counterfeit Trade Dollars requires a detailed examination of the coin’s features, composition, and weight. Here are some key steps:

1. Weight and Diameter:
   Genuine Trade Dollars weigh 27.22 grams and have a diameter of 38.1 mm. Counterfeit coins often deviate from these specifications. Use a digital scale and calipers to confirm these dimensions.
2. Metal Composition:
   Authentic Trade Dollars are composed of 90% silver and 10% copper. Test the coin using a precious metal analyzer or XRF (X-ray fluorescence) machine to verify its composition.
3. Inspect the Mintmark:
   Examine the S or CC mintmark under magnification. Genuine mintmarks were hand-punched into the dies, so they may have slight variations but should not look out of place, overly sharp, or uneven. Pay attention to spacing, alignment, and font style.
4. Check Surface Details:
   Authentic Trade Dollars have sharp, intricate details, particularly on Liberty’s gown and the eagle’s feathers. Counterfeit coins often show softness in these areas or inconsistent textures.
5. Reeded Edge Examination:
   Genuine Trade Dollars have finely reeded edges. Counterfeits may show irregular or incomplete reeding due to casting or poor striking techniques.
6. Third-Party Authentication:
   To eliminate uncertainty, have your coin graded and authenticated by reputable services like PCGS or NGC. These services employ advanced technologies and experienced graders to detect counterfeits.

Conclusion

The 1878-S and -CC Trade Dollars are iconic coins with a rich history and considerable collector value. Unfortunately, their popularity makes them prime targets for counterfeiters. By examining weight, composition, mintmarks, and surface details, collectors can avoid falling victim to fraudulent coins. When in doubt, seek professional authentication from trusted grading services to ensure the integrity of your collection. Armed with knowledge and vigilance, collectors can confidently navigate the challenges of acquiring these rare and remarkable coins.

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